Ovarian+Cancer


 * Jill Ashinsky**


 * STATISTICS:**
 * Ovarian Cancer is the 5th most common cancer among women
 * It causes more deaths than any other female reproductive cancer
 * 12.9 per 100,00 women are diagnosed with Ovarian Cancer every year
 * Approximately 60% of women with Ovarian Cancer are diagnosed with advanced or Stage III
 * When Ovarian Cancer is found early, before it has spread outside the ovaries, the 5-year survival rate is greater than 92%
 * Women who used oral contraceptives for 10 years have about a 60% reduction in risk of ovarian cancer




 * THE FACTS ABOUT SKIN CANCER:**
 * Ovarian Cancer starts in the ovaries
 * The exact cause of Ovarian Cancer remains unknown
 * More than half of the women diagnosed with ovarian cancer are 60 years or older
 * Hereditary Ovarian Cancer can be caused by mutations in specific genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2)
 * Stage I - limited to one or both ovaries
 * IA - one ovary, capsule intact, no tumor on ovarian surface, no malignant cells is ascites, no peritoneal washings
 * IB - both ovaries, capsule intact, no tumor on ovarian surface, negative washings
 * IC - tumor limited to ovaries, capsule ruptured, tumor on ovarian surface, positive washings
 * Stage II - pelvic extension or implants
 * IIA - extensions or implants onto uterus or fallopian tube, negative washings
 * IIB - extensions or implants onto other pelvic structures, negative washings
 * IIC - pelvic extension or implants, positive peritoneal washings
 * Stage III - microscopic peritoneal implants outside of the pelvis; or limited to the pelvis with extension to the small bowel or omentum
 * IIIA - microscopic peritoneal metastases beyond pelvis
 * IIIB - macroscopic peritoneal metastases bryond pelvis less than 2 cm in size
 * IIIC - peritoneal metastases beyond pelvis > 2 cm or lymph node metastases
 * Stage IV - distant metastases to the liver or outside the peritoneal cavity


 * SYMPTOMS:**
 * Signs and symptoms of Ovarian Cancer are frequently absent early on an when they exist, may be subtle
 * Bloating or swollen belly area
 * Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
 * Excessive hair growth that is coarse and dark
 * Sudden urge to urinate
 * Needing to urinate more often than usual
 * Build up of fluid in the abdominal cavity


 * DIAGNOSIS:**
 * Ovarian Cancer at its early stages (I/II) is difficult to diagnose until it spreads and advances to later stages (III/IV)
 * 1A. Physical Exam - may reveal increased abdominal girth and/or fluid within the abdominal cavity
 * IB. Pelvic Exam - may reveal an ovarian or abdominal mass
 * 2. Blood Test - for CA-125 and sometimes other markers
 * 3. Transvaginal Ultrasound
 * 4. Surgery - inspect abdominal cavity, take biopsies, look for cancer cells in abdominal fluid
 * laparotomy: incision through the abdominal wall
 * laparoscopy: keyhole surgery


 * TREATMENT:**
 * Surgical treatment may be sufficient for malignant tumors that are well-differentiated and confined to the ovary
 * Unilateral Oophorectomy - removal of one ovary
 * Bilateral Oophorectomy - removal of both ovaries
 * Salpingectomy - removal of fallopian tubes
 * Hysterectomy - removal of the uterus
 * Chemotherapy is used after surgery to treat any residual disease, if appropriate
 * Addition of chemotherapy may me required for more aggressive tumors that are confined to the ovary
 * For patients with advanced disease, a combination of surgical reduction with chemotherapy is standard


 * RISK REDUCTION:**
 * Have children, the more the better, at a young age
 * Breastfeed
 * Tubal ligation and hysterectomy
 * Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy
 * Use oral contraceptives (birth control pills) for 5 years or more

[|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer#Risk_factors] [] [] []
 * RESOURCES:**

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 * PRESENTATION:**